what strategy was used to rescue illinois prairie chickens from a recent extinction vortex?

i

Philippe Bouchet and colleagues conducted a massive survey of marine molluscs on the west declension of New Caledonia. For xx% of the total species that were located and identified, only a single specimen was constitute. What does that propose well-nigh the diversity of molluscs in this area?

A) The west coast of New Caledonia is not an appropriate habitat for molluscs.

B) Many of the species from this xx% are probably rare.

C) They were not sampling uniformly throughout the surface area.

D) Many of the species from this 20% are most likely only dispersing through the expanse.

2

If all individuals in the concluding remaining population of a particular frog species were all highly related, which type of multifariousness would be of greatest concern when planning to prevent the species from going extinct?

A) global diversity

B) local diversity

C) ecosystem diversity

D) genetic variety

three

What is the biological significance of genetic diverseness betwixt populations?

A) Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions are unlikely.

B) The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion.

C) Genetic diversity reduces the probability of extinction.

D) Diseases and parasites are non spread between separated populations.

four

Tropical forests are beingness converted to farm or pasture land at an alarming rate, and one major focus is on the biodiversity and the impact to these ecosystems. What is a direct benefit to humans that helps explicate why these forests demand to be preserved?

A) This diversity provides areas for java growing.

B) Natural and undisturbed areas are important wild animals habitats.

C) The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.

D) The institute diverseness provides shade, which lowers global warming.

5

Ecosystem services include processes that increment the quality of the abiotic surround. Which of the following processes would fall under this category?

A) Keystone predators have a marked consequence on species diverseness.

B) Green plants and phytoplankton produce the oxygen we breathe.

C) Bees, flies, and wasps pollinate many plants.

D) The presence of dams improves flood command.

6

During the inventory of bacterial genes nowadays in the Sargasso Bounding main, a deep isolated expanse in the center of the Atlantic Sea, a research squad concluded that at least ane,800 bacterial species were nowadays. Based on what you might predict almost the habitat construction of such an area, what kind of bacterial diversity would you wait to meet in tropical coral reef waters?

A) slightly greater genetic diversity

B) slightly smaller genetic diversity

C) markedly smaller genetic multifariousness

D) markedly greater genetic diversity

vii

Erwin and Scott used an insecticidal fog to knock downward insects from the meridian department of a L. seemannii tree. The researchers identified over 900 species of beetles amongst the individuals that fell. Erwin also projected that this entire tree from top to bottom is host to about 600 arthropod species that are unique to this tree species and not institute on any other tree species. There are approximately 50,000 species of tropical trees. Although it could not be entirely accurate, what would be the all-time way to estimate the total number of arthropod species?

A) Estimate the species density and then multiply by 50,000.

B) Multiply 600 by fifty,000.

C) Multiply l,000 by 900.

D) Add 900 to 600, and then multiply by 50,000.

8

Which of the post-obit statements regarding extinction is accurate?

A) A large percentage of species are immune from extinction; nonetheless, rates of extinction may increase with connected man impacts.

B) Extinctions occur only periodically, separated by long time spans with no extinctions.

C) Extinction is occurring at a similar charge per unit now as compared to historical fossil evidence.

D) The small-population approach is inferior to the declining-population approach if the goal is to conserve the maximum number of species in a given region.

ix

The man impact that scientists determined has caused the well-nigh extinctions on tape is ________, and beyond further losses from this bear upon, the other affect with the largest potential to cause future extinctions is ________.

A) introduced species; habitat loss

B) habitat loss; overharvesting

C) climate change; habitat loss

D) habitat loss; climate change

10

Which of the post-obit observations provides the all-time evidence of a biodiversity crisis?

A) the incursion of a non-native species

B) increasing pollution levels

C) loftier charge per unit of extinction

D) climate change

11

Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

A) species diversity

B) biodiversity

C) genetic diversity

D) ecosystem multifariousness

12

To better comprehend the magnitude of current extinctions, it will be necessary to ________.

A) differentiate between found extinction and animal extinction numbers

B) focus on identifying more than species of mammals and birds

C) identify more of the all the same unknown species of organisms on World

D) use the boilerplate extinction rates of vertebrates as a baseline

xiii

Loss of biodiversity matters not only with regard to mammals or other vertebrates, but also microbes. Why are microbes worthy of discovery and protection from extinction?

A) Microbes play a part in digestion.

B) Microbes may produce unique proteins useful in genetic research.

C) Microbes are much greater in species number than any other taxa on Earth.

D) Microbes may exist the most sensitive to the next large extinction event. Answer: B

14

Which of the following threats to biodiversity is targeted at specific species rather than groups of species?

A) introduced species

B) habitat destruction

C) increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a cause of global warming

D) overharvesting

xv

Introduced species can have deleterious effects on biological communities by ________.

A) competing with native species for resources and displacing them

B) spreading speedily in their new region

C) reducing erosion

D) increasing the biodiversity in their new region

xvi

Overharvesting encourages extinction and is most likely to impact ________.

A) animals that occupy a broad ecological niche

B) large animals with depression intrinsic reproductive rates

C) near organisms that alive in the oceans' coral reefs

D) edge-adapted species

17

Of the following ecosystem types, which have been impacted the most past humans?

A) wetland and riparian

B) desert and high alpine

C) taiga and second-growth forests

D) tundra and chill

eighteen

Called-for fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. These air pollutants tin can be responsible for ________.

A) the death of fish in lakes

B) precipitation with a pH equally loftier equally viii.0

C) eutrophication of lakes

D) global temperature decrease

nineteen

Suppose you attend a town meeting at which some experts tell the audience that they have performed a toll-do good assay of a proposed transit organisation that would probably reduce overall air pollution and fossil fuel consumption. The assay, even so, reveals that ticket prices volition not cover the toll of operating the organisation when fuel, wages, and equipment are taken into account. As a biologist, you know that if ecosystem services had been included in the analysis, the experts might have arrived at a different answer. Why are ecosystem services rarely included in economic analyses?

A) Federal laws of the Usa exclude their inclusion in any cost benefit analysis.

B) They have a low value and are usually not cost effective.

C) Ecosystem services simply take into account abiotic factors that touch on local environments.

D) Their cost is difficult to estimate, and people take them for granted.

20

Researchers have been studying a rare population of 87 voles in an isolated area. Ten voles from a larger population were added to this isolated population. Besides having ten boosted animals, what benefits are at that place to importing individuals?

A) There is no do good other than increasing the overall population size.

B) Additional voles will strengthen competition and increase the survival of the fittest.

C) Additional animals would increase beneficial genetic drift.

D) Additional voles from a afar population will likely increment genetic diversity and reduce inbreeding.

21

Utilise the following figure to respond the question.

Five new individuals were added to a small population of bighorn sheep in 1986, and ten more were added between 1990 and 1994. According to the figure, what occurred in this population afterward these additions?

A) The population increased exponentially.

B) The population increased in overall numbers.

C) The population growth charge per unit increased.

D) The population continued to decline.

22

Use the following figure to reply the question.

According to the figure, what is the nearly authentic explanation for the information after 1985?

A) emigration

B) immigration

C) introduction of new alleles into the population

D) increased resources in the expanse

23

Use the post-obit effigy to reply the question.

Co-ordinate to the figure, which two consecutive years had the largest alter in the population growth rate?

A) 1967-1968

B) 1922-1923

C) 1938-1939

D) 1985-1986

24

Easter Island is an extremely isolated island in the Pacific, about 3,500 km from South America. Although there are no forests on the island at present, archeological studies, fossil pollen, and other data testify that Easter Island was one time dwelling to forests containing giant palms and other copse. Some scientists think that the removal of the giant palms caused the forest ecosystem to collapse. Which of the following factors might have caused this plummet?

A) Shade-tolerant species increased in diversity in the absence of the palm.

B) Soil erosion decreased in the absence of the palm.

C) The absenteeism of the palm trees may have reduced habitat quality for many other species.

D) Productivity increased, thereby increasing competition, in the palms' absence.

25

Which of the post-obit criteria accept to be met for a species to authorize as invasive?

A) endemic to the surface area, spreads rapidly, and displaces foreign species

B) introduced to a new area, spreads quickly, and displaces native species

C) introduced to a new area, spreads quickly, and displaces other invasive species

D) endemic to the area, spreads slowly, and displaces native species

26

Which of the following conditions is the most likely indicator of a population in an extinction vortex?

A) The species in question is found only in small, stable pockets of its sometime range.

B) The effective population size of the species falls below i,000.

C) Genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic variation over time.

D) The population is permanently small.

27

What strategy was used to rescue Illinois prairie chickens from a contempo extinction vortex?

A) determining the minimum feasible population size past taking into account the constructive population size

B) establishing a nature reserve to protect its habitat nesting grounds

C) introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation

D) reducing the population size of its predators and competitors

28

If the sexual activity ratio in a population is significantly different from 50:fifty, then which of the following statements will always be accurate?

A) The population volition enter the extinction vortex.

B) The genetic variation in the population will increment over time.

C) Modeling of the minimum viable population size will underestimate the bodily population size.

D) The constructive population size will be less than the actual population size.

29

Which of the following factors could cause the largest increase in the constructive population size of a species?

A) an increased number of males

B) an increase in the full population size

C) an increase in the number of breeding males and females

D) an increased number of females

30

The primary deviation between the pocket-sized-population approach and the failing-population arroyo to biodiversity recovery is that ________.

A) small-population approach is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather than the ecology factors that caused the population's decline

B) small-population approach applies for conservation biologists when population numbers fall below 500

C) declining-population approach would likely involve bringing together individuals from scattered small populations to interbreed in lodge to promote genetic multifariousness

D) small-population approach would investigate and eliminate all of the man impacts on the habitat of the species being studied for recovery

31

Which of the following statements is accurate with respect to the red-cockaded woodpecker populations in the southeastern United States?

A) The bird requires feeding grounds in and effectually mature pino forest that are uninterrupted by the structure of other vegetation.

B) The mature pine forests in which they alive should keep to be protected from wood fire.

C) All of the appropriate blood-red-cockaded woodpecker habitats have already been logged or converted to agricultural land.

D) The red-cockaded woodpecker relies on dumbo woods to hide their nests from basis-dwelling predators.

32

Managing southeastern forests specifically for the blood-red-cockaded woodpecker ________.

A) required periodic wood called-for to reduce the growth of a dumbo understory of trees and shrubs

B) contributed to greater abundance and diversity of other forest found species

C) required the construction of nest boxes in the forest to promote successful nesting

D) focused on the removal of standing expressionless longleaf pine to promote growth of young longleaf pine

33

Which of the following strategies would most apace increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex?

A) Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive convenance followed by reintroduction to the wild.

B) Establish a reserve that protects the population'southward habitat.

C) Innovate new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.

D) Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population.

34

Which one of the following is most likely to be a hot spot of biodiversity for birds?

A) Central America

B) Northern Europe

C) Cardinal Australia

D) Eastern North America

35

Use the following figure to answer the question.

In looking at the species-area plot in the figure, what tin be concluded?

A) The number of bird species increases linearly with isle expanse.

B) Two island state areas do not correlate to the number of bird species

C) Diversity is independent from isle area.

D) The number of bird species increases exponentially with isle area.

36

Use the following figure to respond the question.

Based on the species-area plot in the effigy, if habitable surface area on an island were reduced from

10,000 square kilometers (km2) to 1,000 km2, roughly what percentage of the species would disappear?

A) 0.3 percent

B) 3 percent

C) xxx percent

D) sixty percent

37

The main purpose of movement corridors is to ________.

A) irksome down the introduction of new individuals of a species

B) slowly introduce a species to a new reserve

C) create more edge habitat

D) connect two otherwise isolated populations

38

A state programmer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed with housing while saving 20 hectares as natural habitat. The land developer suggests that the 20 hectares be divided into 20 carve up i-hectare areas, spread out across the area. The ecologists suggest that information technology would be amend to have one intact parcel of 20 hectares on i side of the larger surface area. What is the significance of these different arrangements of the xx hectares?

A) The unmarried intact packet would have a smaller corporeality of border than the xx separate parcels.

B) The isolated hectare plots increase the power of individuals to disperse from one habitat to another.

C) The carve up ane-hectare plots are less vulnerable to edge effects.

D) The big plot will create more than inbreeding in many species.

39

Use the following figure to answer the question.

Looking at the figure showing the results of woods fragmentation, what tin can exist said nigh edge furnishings?

A) Biomass declines along edges of woods fragments.

B) Biomass increases along the edges of forest fragments.

C) Species diversity decreases along the edges of forest fragments.

D) Fragmentation does not touch biomass.

40

Which of the following is a generally accurate statement about the current inquiry regarding wood fragmentation?

A) Fragmented forests promote biodiversity because they result in the combination of woods- edge species and wood-interior species.

B) In fragmented forests, the number of forested-adapted species tend to decline and the number of edge species tend to increase.

C) Fragmented forests are the goal of conservation biologists who design wildlife reserves.

D) The disturbance of timber extraction causes the species diversity to increase because of the new habitats created.

41

Brownish-headed cowbirds apply fragmented forests effectively by ________.

A) feeding on the fruits of shrubs that tend to grow at the wood/open-field interface

B) parasitizing the nests of forest birds and feeding on open up-field insects

C) consuming the eggs of other species as well equally insects and seeds in open fields

D) outcompeting other songbird species for access to nesting holes in onetime-growth copse

42

Movement corridors tin can be harmful to certain species because they ________.

A) increase inbreeding

B) spread disease and parasites

C) increase genetic diverseness

D) allow seasonal migration

43

Establishing new nature reserves in biodiversity hot spots may not necessarily the best option because ________.

A) hot spots are situated in remote areas not attainable to the public

B) their ecological importance makes land buy very expensive

C) a hot spot helps conserve only a few species

D) irresolute environmental conditions may shift the location of the hot spot

44

What is the biggest problem with selecting a site for a reserve?

A) Making a proper choice is hard because currently the environmental atmospheric condition of about any site can alter quickly.

B) Keystone species are difficult to identify in potential reserve sites.

C) Just lands that are not useful to human activities are bachelor for reserves.

D) Most of the best sites are inaccessible past land transportation, so making roads to them is ofttimes prohibitively expensive.

45

What is a critical load?

A) the amount of nutrient augmentation necessary to bring a depleted habitat dorsum to its quondam level

B) the level of a given toxin in an ecosystem that is lethal to 50 percent of the species present

C) the amount of added nutrient that tin can be absorbed past plants without damaging ecosystem integrity

D) the number of predators an ecosystem tin support that effectively culls prey populations to healthy levels

46

Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation considering ________.

A) nitrogen-fixing bacteria are non as plentiful in agricultural soils because of the employ of pesticides

B) the nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested

C) land that is bachelor for agronomics tends to be nutrient-poor

D) tillage of agricultural land inhibits the decomposition of organic matter

47

Which of the following outcomes is acquired by excessive food runoff into aquatic ecosystems?

A) depletion of ozone layer

B) acid precipitation

C) biological magnification

D) eutrophication

48

Which of the following factors causes extremely loftier levels of toxic chemicals in fish-eating birds?
A) acid precipitation

B) biological magnification

C) greenhouse effect

D) eutrophication

49

Employ the following graph and information to answer the question.

Flycatcher birds that migrate from Africa to Europe feed their chicks a diet that is nearly exclusively moth caterpillars. The graph shows the peak dates of flycatcher arrival in Europe, bird hatching, and peak caterpillar season for the years 1980 and 2000. The y-centrality is a measure of the abundance of birds, hatching chicks, and caterpillars.

The shift in the peak of caterpillar flavor is most probable due to ________.

A) earlier migration returns of flycatchers

B) an innate change in the biological clock of the caterpillars

C) global warming

D) acid atmospheric precipitation in Europe

50

Your friend is wary of environmentalists' claims that global warming could lead to major biological modify on Earth. Which of the following statements can you lot use in response to your friend'southward suspicions?

A) We know that atmospheric carbon dioxide has decreased over the by 150 years.

B) Through measurements and observations, we know that carbon dioxide levels and temperature fluctuations are indirectly correlated.

C) Global warming could have minor effects on agronomics in the Us.

D) Scientist have evidence that climate modify has already contradistinct primary product, as well as ecosystem services.

51

The main cause of the increment in the corporeality of carbon dioxide in World'southward atmosphere over the past 150 years is ________.

A) increased worldwide chief product

B) an increment in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere

C) the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

D) boosted respiration by the rapidly growing human being population

52

Which of the following is a issue of biological magnification?

A) Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater adventure to elevation-level predators than to primary consumers.

B) Populations of height-level predators are generally smaller than populations of master consumers.

C) Only a small-scale portion of the free energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.

D) The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases.

53

Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important?

A) Burning increases available carbon for master producers and, therefore, primary consumers.

B) Deforestation and suburbanization increase an expanse's net principal productivity.

C) Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are altering Earth's climate.

D) By using fossil fuels, we are replenishing a nonrenewable resource.

54

Use the following figure to respond the question.

Looking at the figure, what can you conclude almost the data?

A) Equally species richness changes, plant biomass remains consistent.

B) As species richness increases, plant biomass increases.

C) As species richness increases, establish biomass increases then levels off.

D) As species richness decreases, plant biomass increases.

55

Employ the post-obit figure to answer the question.

Examine the figure and consider this hypothesis: Plant biomass increases with species richness. Functional groups are categories of plants each containing numerous species, such as grasses and wildflowers, or copse and shrubs. In looking at the data in the effigy, how would you relate it to this hypothesis? The hypothesis is ________.

A) partially supported

B) supported

C) rejected

D) neither rejected nor supported

56

Use the following effigy to answer the question.

Examine the effigy, which notes the average barrels of oil used per person per year in different countries. What can be concluded?

A) Residents in warmer climates use more than energy per person.

B) Residents of more affluent, industrialized countries use more energy per person.

C) Residents of more than populated countries employ more than free energy per person.

D) English language-speaking countries tend to apply more energy per person.

57

The main goal of sustainable development is to ________.

A) involve more than countries in conservation efforts

B) use only natural resources in the construction of new buildings

C) utilise natural resources such that they do not decline over time

D) reevaluate and re-implement management plans over time

58

Utilize the graphs to respond the question.

Archeological, fossil, and geological data provide information on the Mayan populations and their environment in United mexican states, in the Caribbean state of Yucatán. The graphs depict population size, percentage of the country that was forested, and the amount of soil erosion. Based on the figure, what tin yous conclude about the history of land use in the southern Yucatán?

A) Massive soil erosion caused the Mayan population to crash.

B) Reduction in forest cover caused the Mayan population to crash.

C) As Mayan population increased, deforestation increased, probably leading to increased soil erosion.

D) This Mayan population practiced sustainable development.

59

Which of the post-obit nations has become a world leader in the institution of zoned reserves?

A) Costa Rica

B) China

C) United States

D) United mexican states

sixty

Which of the following statements virtually protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity is correct?

A) Almost 25 per centum of Globe'south land area is now protected.

B) Developing nations have a larger ecological footprint than developed nations, thus protected areas should be primarily established in developing nations.

C) Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the surface area.

D) Information technology is only important to protect land within biodiversity hot spots.

61

Eutrophication is often caused by backlog limiting-nutrient runoff from agricultural fields into aquatic ecosystems. This process results in massive algal blooms that eventually die and decompose, ultimately depleting the dissolved oxygen, killing large numbers of fish and other aquatic organisms. Predict which of the following human actions would best address the problem of eutrophication near agronomical areas?

A) After each eutrophication event, remove the dead fish and invertebrates to place on agricultural fields instead of fertilizer.

B) Determine which limiting nutrient is responsible for the algal bloom, and use other fertilizers to utilise to crops.

C) Remove the algae before it dies and decomposes to forbid eutrophication from occurring.

D) Decide disquisitional food loads required for certain crops, and practice not exceed this amount during fertilizer application.

62

Elevated carbon dioxide levels have been shown to contribute to the greenhouse effect, resulting in an increase in hateful global temperature. Ecosystems where the largest warming has already occurred include snow-covered northern coniferous forests, tundra, and chill bounding main water ice habitats. Which argument all-time explains how the emptying of water ice-covered ecosystems affects the rise or fall in global temperature?

A) Melting water ice releases dissolved ozone gas, which adds to the greenhouse effect.

B) More reflective surfaces of ice are replaced with darker, more absorbent surfaces, thereby contributing to the warming tendency.

C) Large-scale water ice melts really contribute toward lowering global temperatures by decreasing salinity of the oceans.

D) Carbon dioxide levels are lowered equally a result of the greater book of water to accommodate greater levels of dissolved gas.

63

A parasitic mucus, Geomyces destructans, has decimated millions of bats in the United States since it was first observed in upstate New York in 2006. The disease has been named white-nose syndrome because of the white fungal hyphae that cover the bat upon infection. Information technology is believed that this fungus was introduced from Europe by tourists entering into caves with hibernating bat populations. Which prediction almost likely reflects changes that will occur in natural communities every bit a effect of massive bat mortality?

A) increased animal populations every bit a effect of niche availability

B) increased rodent populations as a outcome of an increment in flying insect populations

C) increased flying insect populations

D) decreased bird populations every bit the spread of the mucus infects other closely related species

64

One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from almost other populations is that

A) it is a rare, top-level predator.

B) its constructive population size is lower than its full population size.

C) its genetic diversity is very low.

D) information technology is not well adapted to edge conditions.

65

The principal cause of the increment in the amount of CO2 in Earth'southward temper over the past 150

years is

A) increased worldwide main product.

B) increased worldwide standing crop.

C) an increase in the amount of infrared radiations captivated by the atmosphere.

D) the called-for of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels.

66

What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity?

A) overharvesting of commercially important species

B) habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction

C) introduced species that compete with native species

D) novel pathogens

67

Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification?

A) Toxic chemicals in the surround pose greater risk to top-level predators than to chief consumers.

B) Populations of meridian-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers.

C) The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers.

D) Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.

68

Which of the post-obit strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex?

A) Establish a reserve that protects the population'south habitat.

B) Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.

C) Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population.

D) Control populations of the endangered population's predators and competitors.

69

Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which 1 is not correct?

A) About 25% of Globe's land area is at present protected.

B) National parks are 1 of many types of protected areas.

C) Management of a protected surface area should exist coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area.

D) It is particularly important to protect biodiversity hot spots.

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